Journal Questions

For the following scenario, prepare journal entries, general ledgers, trial balance, income statement, and balance sheet for Abdul Razack Inc. for the period January 1 through February 28.

Box Position—Trade Currency BRL
Abdul Razack Inc. traded in Coca-Cola shares in a Brazilian stock exchange through Pompoodle brokers and the details are as follows.

Trade Details
Date                  Product           Quantity           Rate (BRL)           B/S                 Brokerage
11-Jan-X1     Coco Cola          17,000               34.00            Bought Long      BRL 12,500
25-Jan-X1     Coco Cola          14,000               39.00            Bought Long      BRL   7,800
5-Feb-X1      Coco Cola          23,000               45.00            Short sales         BRL 25,600

Other Details
The stock loan fee paid by Abdul Razack Inc. on short sales on February 28 is BRL 4,800.
An investor has introduced an amount of BRL 10 million as share capital on January 1 into the Abdul Razack Inc. fund.
Settlement: T + 2
Abdul Razack Inc. makes a deposit of BRL 1.05 million with the broker on February 5 as collateral.
Interest accrued on cash collateral amounts to BRL 7,800 due from the broker as of February 28.

FX Rates
Date              FX Rate
1-Jan-X         1.6540
11-Jan-X1     1.6505
13-Jan-X1     1.6525
25-Jan-X1     1.6484
27-Jan-X1     1.6444
31-Jan-X1     1.6311
5-Feb-X1      1.6255
7-Feb-X1      1.6201
28-Feb-X1    1.6150

Market Rate
January 31: 42.00
February 28: 39.00

Objective Questions

1. Short-selling is preferred by traders based on the expectation that the
a. Price of the security will go up.
b. Price of the security will go down.
c. Price of the security will remain stable.
d. None of the above.

2. The strategy allowing the investor to gain from the decline price of security includes
a. Buying call options.
b. Selling call options.
c. Buying put options.
d. None of the above.

3. The process of buying back the shares that are sold short is called
a. Buy to square off.
b. Buy to cover.
c. Buy back to cover.
d. None of the above.

4. A short sale followed up with proper delivery of shares after borrowing is referred to as a
a. Regular short sale.
b. Naked short sale.
c. Sale on delivery.
d. None of the above.

5. A short sale not followed up with proper delivery of shares within the standard three day settlement period is referred to as a
a. Regular short sale.
b. Naked short sale.
c. Sale on delivery.
d. None of the above.

6. In short-selling there is no potential for
a. Dividend income.
b. Return from capital gains.
c. Profit on sale.
d. All of the above.

7. The action of lending the security of one person to another is referred to as a
a. Security transfer.
b. Corporate action.
c. Security lending.
d. None of the above.

8. When the collateral provided by the buyer to the lender is in the form of cash, the fee is referred to as
a. Brokerage.
b. Rebate.
c. Lending fee.
d. None of the above.

9. The permitted purposes of stock borrowing include
a. To facilitate settlement of trade.
b. To facilitate delivery of short sale.
c. To finance the security.
d. All of the above.

10. Which of the following persons is not a participant in security lending?
a. Borrowers.
b. Agent lenders.
c. Brokers.
d. All of the above.

Theory Questions

1. What is short-selling and is it legal?

2. What are the different types of short sales?

3. Outline the process of short-selling.

4. Can an investor short a share without first arranging for the delivery of the shares?

5. What are the potential risks of short-selling? How does it compare with going long on a security?

6. Can an investor simultaneously hold both long and short positions in the same security? If so, will it result in any realized gain from the accounting perspective as well as from the tax authorities’ perspective?

7. Is short-selling good for the stock markets?

8. Describe the rationale behind short-selling.

9. Are there any regulatory requirements of short selling in the U.S. stock markets?

10. What do you understand by securities lending?

11. How are the securities lending market regulated?

12. Who are the participants in securities lending?

• Short-selling is the practice of selling securities the seller does not own, in the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price.
• This is done with the intention to profit from an expected decline in price of a security, as opposed to the ordinary investment practice in which an investor buys or goes long in a security in the hope that the price will rise subsequently.
• In order to profit from the stock price going down, investors can borrow a security and sell it, with the expectation that the price will decrease so that they can buy it back at a lower price and keep the difference.
• The short-seller is obliged to deliver the shares to his broker, who usually in turn would have borrowed the shares from some other investor who is in actual possession of the said shares.
• In most countries the regulatory requirements are such that if an investor goes short in a cash market, the investor should arrange to borrow the security and deliver the same as if he has sold a security that was in his possession.
• When the seller does not borrow or arrange to borrow the securities in time to make delivery to the buyer with the standard three-day settlement period, the short sale is known as naked short sale. The buyer of such shares seldom receives the shares, and the situation is technically described as failure to deliver.
• The short-selling process involves several steps, starting with borrowing the shares, selling short, buying to cover, and thus closing out the position.
• Short-selling is fraught with several risks and is quite dangerous as an investment strategy, as the investor can get into a short squeeze caused either by market forces or deliberately by any group of market players to corner the investor.
• Hedge funds often resort to short-selling shares in which they already hold long positions, which is also known as a box position. Strictly, box positions do not alter the profits or profitability for the investor except that the accounting for the same gets a little complicated.
• However, for tax purposes, box position short sales are treated as if the original long position is liquidated.
• In spite of the severe criticism of short-selling, it is not without any merits, especially as it is an essential part of the price discovery mechanism. Several leading investors have hailed short-selling as a useful counterweight to the widespread bullishness in the market, and some believe that short-sellers are useful in uncovering fraudulent accounting and other problems at companies.
• There are several regulatory requirements regarding short sales in different countries, depending upon the current status of the economy. By and large there exist certain fundamental regulations regarding the requirements for short sales, which should be adhered to by the market players.
• Securities lending or stock lending refers to the lending of securities by one party to another. The terms of the loan are governed by a securities lending agreement, which normally requires that the borrower provide the lender with collateral, which could be in the form of either cash or government securities of value equal to or greater than the loaned securities.
• Towards the charges for the loan, both the parties negotiate a fee, quoted as an annualized percentage of the value of the loaned securities.
• If the collateral provided by the borrower is cash, then the fee is quoted as a rebate. This means that the lender will earn interest on the cash collateral provided by him, and will adjust this as a rebate from the agreed rate of interest to the borrower.
• Securities lending is legal and regulated in most of the world’s major securities markets. Most markets mandate that the borrowing of securities be conducted only for specifically permitted purposes.