R. Venkata Subramani

Foreword by Mr. T. N. Manoharan Former President of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Accounting for Financial Instruments is a complex exercise in view of the varied kind of instruments that are emerging in the market in the recent past. The flow of funds across the borders in the form of financial instruments is ever increasing in the global scenario. Equity, Futures and Options have trade life cycle and accounting treatment on such life cycle from the front office and back office perspectives call for detailed elucidation. Hardly there is any book that provides guidance on these matters. This book is a commendable effort to fill the knowledge gap that exists in the accounting of financial instruments.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) encompassing IAS 32, IAS 39 and IFRS 7 deals with the principles involved in recognition, measurement, disclosures and presentation of financial instruments. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has come out with corresponding Accounting Standards (AS) viz., AS 30 on ‘Financial Instruments – recognition and measurement’; AS 31 on ‘Financial Instruments – Presentation’ and AS 32 on ‘Financial instruments – disclosures”. In sum and substance, the Indian Accounting Standards are the same as that of the relevant IFRS. This book deals with the principles laid down in the IFRS and in relevant places deals with similarities and differences between US GAAP and IFRS. In that sense, one can say without fear of contradiction, that this book is a comprehensive treatise of the title.

Mr. R. Venkata Subramani is a learned person, having immense knowledge and expertise on the matters dealt with in this book. The benefit of his hands on experience and in depth practical exposure is reflected in the illustrations given in the various chapters of this book. With the tremendous growth witnessed in the Investment Banking Institutions, Hedge funds and several other financial institutions, this book will become handy for understanding and capturing the entire trading process of the financial instruments. The author, Mr.R.Venkata Subramani, is also known as a ‘Technology wizard’. Consequently, the lucid exposition that he has adopted would help automating the system of proper accounting of the entire trade cycle of each of the financial instruments.

Investment bankers, financial institutions, dealers, brokers, professionals and other investors would find this book immensely useful in the day-to-day operations, as various concepts unique to the financial instruments are explained in this book besides laying down the accounting treatment in a detailed manner. This book will be a useful addition to any library, which serves as a source of knowledge and information with reference to various financial products dealt with in the market. Mr.R.Venkata Subramani has done a splendid job in authoring this book in order to share wealth of information and knowledge on the subject.

T.N. MANOHARAN

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What is a Credit Default Swap?

  • A Credit Default Swap (CDS) is a form of protection against credit risk
  • CDS is a bilateral contract where by the credit risk of a reference entity (the issuer) is transferred from the protection buyer to the protection seller
  • The protection buyer pays a fixed premium to the protection seller in return for a contingent payment, which compensates the protection buyer from any loss incurred in case of a credit event
  • A negative credit event (default by a third party) is usually pegged to an obligor’s performance on a reference obligation, like a bond or a loan
  • The standard corporate credit events are bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring etc.
  • CDS documentation is governed by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA)
  • ISDA Agreement provides standard definitions of credit default swaps terms, viz., reference obligation, credit event, reference entity and premium and so on
  • CDS are traded over-the-counter (OTC). Standardization of CDS has made the credit default swap much more attractive to the customers in spite of being an OTC product

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Definition of Options and origin of options

by R. Venkata Subramani

An option is the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell something at a predetermined price at anytime within a specified time period. Origin of Options: Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) was created in 1973 and CBOE standardized the option contracts, improving the liquidity and enabling the general public to participate in [...]

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Disclosures – Summary

by R. Venkata Subramani

If the equity securities classified as available-for-sale are sold, then the realized gain/loss on such sale is transferred from the other comprehensive income (OCI) to the income statement and an entry is recorded to that effect. When the equity securities are transferred from trading securities to available-for-sale category, then the gain/loss recognized as unrealized should [...]

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Call Options – Summary

by R. Venkata Subramani

The accounting treatment of call options prima facie will depend upon the intention with which the call options are purchased—hedging or speculation (nonhedging). If the position is taken as a hedge against some other position, then the relevant accounting standards for hedge accounting will be applicable and there are certain conditions that are to be [...]

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Preface

by R. Venkata Subramani

Accounting for Investments attempts to give an exhaustive treatment of various accounting entries that should be recorded by any entity holding any financial asset. Over the past two decades there have been several innovative financial instruments from the Street that call for special treatment from the accounting, legal, and regulatory perspective. The accounting requirements are [...]

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Disclosures – Objective Questions

by R. Venkata Subramani

Objective Questions 1. When securities are transferred from trading securities to available-for-sale, then a. Gain/loss recognized as unrealized should be reversed. b. Gain/loss recognized as unrealized should not be reversed. c. Gain/loss recognized as unrealized will be adjusted with other comprehensive income. d. None of the above. 2. When securities are transferred from available-for-sale to [...]

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Disclosures – Theory Questions

by R. Venkata Subramani

Theory Questions Can the securities that are classified once be transferred to other category? If so, what precautions should be taken to adjust the unrealized gains or losses? How is the impairment of securities presented in the balance sheet? What is the treatment of stock dividend? Can you report this as income? How are the [...]

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ADR/GDR – Journal Questions

by R. Venkata Subramani

Journal Questions Question – 1 Prepare journal entries, general ledger, trial balance, income statement, and balance sheet for the following scenarios. ADR Conversion to Local Equity Shares—BRL Mark Antony Inc. traded in Bovespa shares in a Brazilian Stock Exchange through Henry Frank Brothers brokers and the details are as follows. Trade Details Date                    Product               CCY                  [...]

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ADR/GDR – Objective Questions

by R. Venkata Subramani

Objective Questions 1. An instrument representing ownership interest in securities of a foreign issuer is referred to as a. An ownership certificate. b. A depositary receipt. c. An ownership receipt. d. None of the above. 2. Depositary receipts that are traded in an international market other than the United States are referred to as a. [...]

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